Purpose: This study aims to investigate digital citizen science projects in Iran and the challenges in this field from the perspective of experts. Method: The present study is exploratory with a content analysis approach. First, scientometric research was conducted in Scopus to assess the status of digital citizen science. Second, to identify the challenges of digital citizen science in Iran, experts were interviewed Findings: Though the number of scientific publications in this field has been growing recently, Iran's share of the scientific output is quite small. A Review of qualitative data obtained from interviews showed that the main challenges in this field in Iran are: Funding, Government policy, Engagement, Time, Recognition, Data quality for citizen science, Volunteers for citizen science, Capacity and skills, and Communication. Conclusion: This research can be a guideline for experts in the field of digital citizen science. These technologies can also facilitate interactions and communication between professionals and nonprofessionals. Despite the spread of digital citizen science projects in European and American countries, the term is unfamiliar in Iran.

Objective: Citizen Science refers to scientific research in which non-professional citizens or amateur scientists participate in the collection and analysis of data. This approach promotes public engagement in scientific processes and enhances social awareness. With the advancement of technology and access to big data, Citizen Science has gained attention as a novel tool in education and learning. The aim of this study is to examine the opportunities and challenges of Citizen Science in the field of education and learning. This research seeks to identify the potential of this approach and the challenges encountered in its implementation through a systematic review of the existing literature.  Methodology: This research is fundamental in terms of its goals and descriptive-library-based in terms of data collection. A systematic review of the literature was used for data collection and analysis. Searching in reputable scientific databases, including scientific articles and related resources, was conducted to identify credible evidence. The SALSA model (Search, Appraise, Synthesize, and Analyze) was used to analyze the data.  Findings: The findings indicate that Citizen Science can contribute to enhancing scientific literacy, strengthening critical thinking, and increasing social participation. However, challenges exist in the implementation of this approach, such as a lack of educational resources, unawareness among teachers and students, and cultural and social barriers.  Conclusion: Citizen Science, as an innovative educational approach, has significant potential to improve the quality of education and learning. However, to realize this potential, appropriate planning and targeted training are necessary. This research can serve as a starting point for field studies and the development of Citizen Science in educational systems. It is recommended that researchers in the future design and implement more comprehensive projects that can help achieve educational and scientific goals.  Originality and Innovation: The innovation of this research lies in providing precise solutions for integrating Citizen Science into educational programs, addressing existing gaps in previous research, and bringing about transformations in attitudes and educational methods. .

Citizen science refers to the participation of people with scientists, researchers, and policy makers to provide solutions for problems in society, and its successful implementation requires public cooperation in the public issues. The participation of a large group of people with different backgrounds and interests may result in moral problems. The purpose of this study is to identify the ethical challenges in the participatory approach of citizen science with respect to different Performers, actors and stakeholders, and to provide solutions for them. In this regard, first, reviewing the existing literature on ethics in citizen science and crowdsourcing, ethical issues that should be considered have been identified. Then, employing Soft Systems Methodology, the problem was structured, and accordingly, some implications based on the conditions and situation of the problem were proposed. The statistical population of the study was eleven expert including four academic experts with a background in the field of participatory projects and four experts with executive experience, as well as three lawyers. The findings of this study were based on the interpretation of interviews with experts. According to the results, in order to overcome the challenges, there is a need for changes in the ethical system of citizen science participatory projects. These changes include, scrutinizing the enacting process and implementation of laws, strengthening the infrastructure, direct and continuous monitoring of the implementation process, providing participation conditions for all volunteers, compensation of services in accordance with efforts and skills of participants, training of volunteers, process transparency and interact with participants, set standards, and share authorized information with the community at the appropriate time.

The science of hydrology is the basis for decision-making in water resources management and assessing related risks including floods, droughts, and pollution. Despite its vital relevance to the society, this discipline is facing a severe shortage of data in appropriate spatial and temporal scales. This is especially true in low-income and underdeveloped countries due to lack of information and high cost of the monitoring process. Therefore, data collection by local communities and volunteers and monitoring through public involvement is considered effective in this regard. Citizen science entails the involvement of researchers and local volunteers in the process of data collection and analysis, scientific knowledge development, sharing information and encouraging interaction and responsiveness between local communities and natural environment. Literature review shows a limited number of social studies on hydrology and water resources, indicating low leaning to citizen science in water resources management compared to other disciplines such as ecology and astronomy, but there is an increasing trend due to increasing the importance of water resources. Results of researches show that if citizens are adequately educated, the reliability of collected data by citizens can be acceptable. Therefore, considering the potential of citizen science and use of technologies, the reliable, timely and long-term hydrological data can be obtained and used in decision making and management of water resources.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of scientific productions in the field of Digital Citizen Science from 1971 to 2022 in the Scopus citation database.Methodology: The method of the present study is descriptive survey-analytical with a quantitative and scientometric approach. The current study population is all scientific products in the field of Digital Citizen Science from 1971 to 2022, indexed in the Scopus database. Findings: Scientific productions in the field of Digital Citizen Science have a growing trend from 1971 to 2022. The three most active fields in this field are Environmental Sciences (9377 degrees), Agricultural and Biological Sciences (8380 degrees), and Social Sciences (8134). The National Science Foundation and the European Union are the top research institutes in this field. Among the countries, the United States, Britain, and Australia are the three leading countries in this field. The co-occurrence of words also shows the critical role of individuals (citizens) in the scientific production of this field. Conclusion: The study of scientific products in the field of digital citizenship can be a roadmap for researchers inside and outside the field. Given that the field of Citizen Science is an interdisciplinary field and is related to many scientific fields, it is worthwhile for science and technology policymakers in Iran to expand interdisciplinary cooperation with top countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.Value: This research is the first study to explain the digital citizen science in the country.

The idea that science is objective, or able to achieve objectivity, is in large part responsible for the role that science plays within society. But what is objectivity? The idea of objectivity is ambiguous. This paper distinguishes between three basic forms of objectivity. The first form of objectivity is ontological objectivity: the world as it is in itself does not depend upon what we think about it; it is independent of human thought, language, conceptual activity or experience. The second form of objectivity is the objectivity of truth: truth does not depend upon what we believe or justifiably believe; truth depends upon the way reality itself is. The third form of objectivity is epistemic objectivity: this form of objectivity resides in the scientific method which ensures that subjective factors are excluded, and only epistemically relevant factors play a role in scientific inquiry. The paper considers two problems that arise for the notion of epistemic objectivity: the theory-dependence of observation and the variability of the methods of science. It is argued that the use of shared standard procedures ensures the objectivity of observation despite theory-dependence. It is argued that the variability of methods need not lead to an epistemic relativism about science. The paper concludes with the realist suggestion that the best explanation of the success of the sciences is that the methods employed in the sciences are highly reliable truth-conducive tools of inquiry. The objectivity of the methods of the sciences leads to the objective truth about the objective world.

Background and Objective: Many cities in our country, including Tehran, are facing the phenomenon of obsolescence and inefficiency of urban neighborhoods. Such areas can have devastating environmental, economic, or social effects. In the current era, proper management of such urban spaces requires up-to-date and valid data. Due to the large size of outdated and inefficient neighborhoods, collecting and updating this amount of data by organizations is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, using the capacity of citizen participation is a good opportunity for city managers, which is the main purpose of this research. Material and Methodology: Citizen-centered GIS strategy has been introduced in recent years, and in many applications, enterprise location data acquisition has been replaced by volunteered geographic information (VGI). This research presents an object-oriented design for collecting spatial information about urban deterioration. Accordingly, a web-based implementation based on open-source components is on the agenda. Findings: With the help of the proposed solution, first, spatial information can be collected in a categorized and thematic manner. According to the definition of worn-out texture, ten different classes were considered in the object-oriented approach, which include undesirable paths, unsafe and old buildings, ruined and dirty lands, narrow access networks, and places for offenders and addicts. A webbased system was also implemented based on open-source frameworks such as Django and components such as GeoDjango, PostGIS, and OpenLayers. Discussion and Conclusion: Citizen science is a new approach to collecting spatial information on worn-out tissue. The result of the implementation of the method used is the rapid and low-cost provider of information and enhances the role of experts in municipalities and urban design organizations, mainly professional supervisors instead of data providers. Cost-benefit analysis showed that in a one-year period, this approach could lead to an approximate savings of 15%.

The Abrahamic religions include the three monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All of these religions consider Abraham as their ancestor, and they consider science to be the knowledge of the universe and humanity, which are divine revelations. The framework of science in the Abrahamic religions uses three basic concepts: 1) monotheism (as a fundamental principle, a single and all-encompassing Divine vision) 2) the universe (as a divine creation) 3) science (as an all-encompassing knowledge about the world as the sign of God). The purpose of writing this paper is to find the common principles governing science among Abrahamic religions, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources. The results of this research is an intellectual attempt to draw on the commonalities between various Abrahamic religions in the areas of constructive dialogue in the field of globalization, based on revelatory and spiritual teachings, to achieve the unification of the world, which is one of the divine promises and is rooted in the natural foundations of humanity.